Locally reinforced resin article



Oct. 6, 1953 E. H. VOELKER LOCALLY REINFORCED RESIN ARTICLE Filed April 12, 1949 l is? z a INVENTOR. By Edward H. Mw/ker L g .g J/QAM A TTORNEX Patented Oct. 6, 1953 LOCALLY REINFORCED RESIN ARTICLE Edward H. Voelker, Huntington Station, N. Y., assignor to Republic Aviation Corporation,

Farmingdale, N.

Y., a corporation of Delaware Application April 12, 1949, Serial No. 86,973

13 Claims.

This invention relates to the construction of panels, casings or covers fabricated from suitable and adaptable synthetic resins, such as acrylic resins, and especially relates to the reinforcement of localized areas thereof.

It is proposed by the present invention to so fabricate or form a panel, casing or cover of acrylic or other adaptable resin, that the mounting thereof on a coacting structure will not set up or develop stresses, strains, or unbalanced forces in the resin body and at the same time provide means whereby the panel, casing or cover may be rigidly and securely mounted to resist external or collateral forces and permit it to be repeatedly removed and replaced Without injury or damage.

Among its other objects the present invention contemplates localized reinforcements at all points of attachment, as well as along any lines of attachment, that are practically homogeneous and integral with and partake of the characteristics of the synthetic resin of which the panel, cover or casing is made, thereby greatly increasing the strength of the resin at these points to entirely counteract any local tendency of the resin to craze, crack or shatter. Moreover, by confining the pressure or clamping action of the attaching means to these reinforced areas of the panel or cover the resin body thereof beyond the limits of the local reinforcements is protected from the stresses or strains which otherwise would be transmitted to and through the entire resin body.

With the above and other objects in view, as will be apparent, this invention consists in the construction, combination and arrangement of parts, and of the successive steps of the method of fabricating and reinforcing the same, all as hereinafter more fully described, claimed and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Fig. l is a plan elevation of a cover or casing made in accordance with the instant invention and mounted in association with the tip and leading edge of an airplane wing to enclose or house a navigation light;

Fig. 2 is a fragmentary longitudinal section taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1 on the line of attachment of the casing or cover to an underlying structure; and

Fig. 3 is a fragmentary transverse section taken along line 3-3 of Fig. 1 through a single point of attachment of the casing or cover to an underlying structure.

While the present invention i of general use in the reinforcement or attachment of panels, covers or casings fabricated of synthetic resins to cooperating structures regardless of their specific shape, function and environment, it is especially designed and intended for use in the construction and reinforcement of casings or covers embodied in airplanes particularly where they may be exposed to substantially the same aerodynamic forces as are the major components of the airplane.

The attachment or mounting of casings, covers or panels made of synthetic resin, usually requires the provision of openings or holes piercing the resin body at appropriate points for the passage of the means of attachment such as screws, bolts, rivets, etc., and it has been determined that the drilling of such holes through the resin body and projecting the attaching and/or fastening means through them has a marked tendency to cause the resin to crack, craze or fracture, particularly when such attaching means exerts a clamping pressure on the resin body or otherwise sets up or develops unbalanced forces or pressures.

It is also recognized to be sound practice in the assembly mounting and securing of any component of an aircraft, to provide a. clean, smooth, exposed surface devoid of all projections that would tend to cause turbulence or develop drag. Therefore, the present invention has in view the mounting of transparent casings or covers made of synthetic resins as an exposed element of an aircraft component so that no part of the attaching means, such as, for example, rivets, bolts, and the like, projects beyond the surface of the component or of the cover or casing whereby the surface of the cover or casing will present an unbroken aerodynamic continuation of the surface or skin of the aircraft component with which it is combined. To accomplish this, cavities are provided at all points of attachment for the reception of the heads of the devices used to secure the cover or casing in its operative position to the end that their outer surfaces will not project into the air stream but will rest in the plane of the surface of the resin body.

As has been noted synthetic resins, and more particularly acrylic resins, do not readily lend themselves to the passage of bolts or rivets and are ofttimes adversely affected by any clamping or attaching pressures exerted thereon. More over, countersinking the surface of the resin in association with the outer end of each such opening for the passage of fastening or attaching means through the resin can and frequently does aggravate the disadvantages experienced in mounting articles made of synthetic resins.

Because of the inherent characteristics of synthetic resins and particularly those best suited to transparent aircraft parts such as windows, Windshields, canopies, etc., e. -g., acrylic resins, the subject 'nventio'n proposes local reinforcements at and in all openings provided for the passage of screws, bolts, rivets, or other fastening and attaching means and along each line of attachment, said reinforcements "for all intents and purposes becoming integral or homogeneous with the resin of the part. maner ere, thereinforcements associated with thebpenings i't ln'e resin can be readily countersunk concentrically without in any way injuring the resin of the panel, cover or casing. To this end eachopen: ing provided in the resin of the coveror casing for the passage of attaching m eansis defined by a restricted, reinforced "areafth'e 'ou'ter faces of which rest in the planes'of thejopposed surfaces of 'the panel or cover. This area is forall practical purposes, integral "or unitary with is 'a homogeneous continuation'of the resin from which the'article is'fabric'ated and'either surface thereof ban be countersunk or provided witha cavity,in anyac'cepted rnanner. Where a series of "more or less aligned openings for the passage of attaching or fastening means is present, the line of attachment'thus'createdmay be and is reinforced throughout its length by a'continuous,

arnin'ated strip in opposition "to 'thecountersunk facesof the reinrereede ees defining the "att'ach ingopeningsandcomprisingan integral or unitarypart of the surface of the resin of the'casiri g, panelior cover with which it is associated.

"Ihough'thepresent nventienmay be'used or embodied infany article fabricated or synthetic resin the 're'stricte'd' or liinited reinforced areas at points'a'nd/or lines of attachment, constitutthepreserit'ifiviition,

ing 'a principal feature of are especially useful in the jre rieeuen 'and mounting of transparent, synthetic resin"meinbers'or 'parts wh re'the general transparency or clarity of the latter turner be reduced or insteria 1y itjwill be evident that the subject consistence is not limited itsapplication to en particular article made syntheticresin'but eenteeteue'a 1 r "employed for any purpos'eb'r function. To illustrate a representative applicatour or size and H afiectedby the reinforcements.

with edual jfacility to eru iee'er any shape ii'e 1 'ai a i iii eref ftr e 'ei fit' i reas n r ribei a ea qe gh of erl eirr er located at a wing tip has been selected as an exmPl t Reference being had 'iiiore' pa'rticiil'arlyto the mining Ill Cl'es'ignatesafcover or casing fabricated'oftrarisparenthcrylic resin. This 'cover'is here'illiistrated a's' located atth'e tip'of thawing ll and incorporated ,in'the leadin'gfeiige thereof to enclose the navigation light usually located at that point. A casing 1oroover iii of 'thisftyp'e forms a continuation of the wing and therefore, is "hollow "and generally U-shaped in section whereby the opposed surfaces l0 thereof c'aiires't inthe plan'es'of andrespecti vely form "coplanar continuations r the tbpf'and "bottom seine- 12 cf thew'ing. The internalst'ructure of'th'e' wing I'I where'thecovenor'casing ['8 is to bel at'dfis so constructed or modified that the "space "en'- closed by the casingor cover'isdefinedhntwo side's viz; the sides thereof adjoining the main body of the wing by ribs, "spare "or similar ere- 4 ments I3 disposed under the skin [2 of both the upper and lower surfaces of the wing.

This modification or construction of the wing tip forms no part of the present invention beyond providing a coacting structure for the support and attachment of the cover fabricated in accordance with this invention. I Manifestly, any type of support or supporting struct ure *may be provided "so long as it includes complemental means for coacting with the fastening or attachas; means piercing the panel, casing or cover insideas"taught"lii-ir'ein and to be associated with theselected supporting or mounting structure.

1 Theseribsbr'sparsl3 are pierced at intervals he apertures I' l, and positioned on the inner surface "of eeeh'efieh rib or spar l3 in registration wi'thiach aprtufe M is provided a plate nut l5 riveted or otherwise fixedly secured flush against thehtidperating spar or rib I3.

The edge portions of the top and bottom sides Hifof tseeever 1-9, when the latter i rative =-pesiuen, ovr-li'e and rest "-i'n its 'opush against bs I3 t me the outer surfaces of the spars s said cover and tl fe --outer 'surfaces thereof flush ee'eunu' itions 'df the associated were skin I 2. In alignment with each aperture fil erie platenut 15"theedg'e portion ofthe provided an enlarged or oversiz' ed op Hi, within which is s'eated a washer dr bu-tt'o'n it pierced-concentrically by a passage '13 -"fdrthe reception of suitable 'rno'uriting or -attfa'c means. This passage 18 in the washer or button H is 'i'n direct fegistration with m tnreeaespaesage of the alig'n edplate nut f5 so hat thes'e'two passages in effect constitute a e-enunueuengeue er the other "and- 0f the aligned aperture ts m the rib'o'r spar "t its'outer'end"the-button I1 is c 'ountersunkfasfat l Hjbncnt'ric toth e-passage t8 therein for the receptionf of the header the m ountin'g screw, bolt or rivetfll. 'Aswill b'e liereinaftermore "fully described in conjunction withtlie construction "and irl'ethod-of making the 'casi'rigor cover in, 'the button or washer i "is fully reinforced and in its 'op'er'ativapositioncoinprises ahomogerioushmss with 'a surrounding b'od y offsynthe'ticres'iii froin which the eovertr a ew ma e pe's e argu the "edge er the infiersunaee of eachside ffi of the casingfor"cover l il'iy'a reinfdrcing tape o tri sa. Thisstrip i'sbontinu'ous arid-li's belot'v anentire line or 6r openings l6 and the several "bfitto'nsorwv I 'I s'ea'ited therein a-lon the eege {semen of [0" of the covefor ca-sing W43. Fonthe passage of theattaching screws; 'rivetsor bolts Z5through this"reinforcing strip fiI 'it" is aperturedin sirenment" with the threaded openin'g of the plate n'ii t l5, 'theppening M "in *the' rib orspar I 3 aridtlie opening 18 of each'button orsvash'er' i i.

From the foregoing it is clear that, when the cover- [0- is positioned so that "its edge portions overlie the spars or ribs of-the wing structure defining the space enclosed by theco'ver It, the apertures l8 in"'the severa1 buttonsor washers l1 adjoining the edge mereerees the ali'gried openings in" theieinforcin'g strip' 2 l 'are in registratio'n with the cdrresponding 'apertures 6f the -spars'o'r ribs l3. "When this-a 'g'rirneiit' o'r fg fi ation is established the screws t;-"orother suitable fastening means;- frf y 'be inserted in and projectedthrough the'se aligned epeningswhereby theirthreadedextremities z me engeg'e' the internally threaded opening'fof the"plat'e nuts [5. Each'screw'i 'nifi'ay'then be'thradd inwarduntil its head is snugly seated in the countersink I9 in the outer face of the button or washer I'I. Thus the button or washer I7 is clamped between the rib or spar I3 on one side and the head of the screw 20 on the other side and the reinforcing strip 2| is disposed and held between the edge portion of the cover I8 and the adjacent surface of the rib or spar I3. All of the clamping or engaging pressures are therefore transmitted to and through the buttons or washers I! to the reinforcing strip 2| and from it to the rib or spar I 3.

In order to combine the several buttons or washers I! with the adjoining reinforcing tape or strip 2| and both the buttons and strip in an integral and homogeneous assembly with the resin of the casing or cover I0, each button or Washer I! as well as each strip or tape 2| comprises a plurality of layers of fiber glass or cloth laminated and impregnated throughout with the same resin as that used in the fabrication of a cover or casing III. In this manner each button or washer Ii consists of a plurality of fiber glass or cloth layers laminated and impregnated throughout with acrylic resin having a thickness when cured substantially equal to the thickness of the sides III, of the cover I I]. The tape or strip 2| also consists of a plurality of fiber glass layers laminated with acrylic resin to any desired thickness.

Before the buttons or washers I! and the reinforcing strips 2I are assembled in their operative positions they are first immersed in a cement consisting of acrylic resin (the resin from which the casing or cover It is fabricated), dissolved in a suitable solvent such as acetone. Thus, the resin of the buttons II and tape 2| as well as the abutting surfaces of the cover I are softened by the aforesaid cement, and as the solvent of the cement evaporates there is an intermingling of the resins of the buttons and tape with each other and. with the resin of the cover at all points of contact. This results in a unitary and homogeneous mass or body of resin in the cover it, restricted areas of which, i. e., those areas receiving the pressures, stresses and strains of atly of the plate nut I tachment, are laminated with and reinforced by fiber glass cloth.

It becomes evident from the foregoing that since the buttons or washers I I are in effect integral and homogeneous with the resin of the body of the cover they constitute isolated and limited reinforced areas having their faces situated in and fiush with the opposed surfaces of the associated wall of the cover. Being reinforced and having a much greater diameter than that of the concentric passage is provided in the button or washer for the projection of the screw 20 therethrough, all attaching pressures and forces are confined to the button or reinforced area. Since the button or washer I1 is reinforced as aforesaid throughout its mass it may be countersunk, as at I 9, not only wihout damage to it but also Without injury to the resin body of the cover I0.

The reinforcing tape or strip 2I becomes not only integral with the inner surface of the edge portion of the cover II] but also becomes integrally a part of each button or washer IT. This reinforces the entire line of attachment and additionally, supports each button or washer II in its operative position, if by chance the edge of any button I! should fail to entirely adhere to and become one with the edge of the opening I6 in which it is seated.

Moreover, the provision of integral and home geneous reinforced areas in the cover It] in no way interferes with visibility through the major portion of the cover.

The method and process that can be employed in fabricating the casing or cover In to incorporate therein the features of this invention, is as follows:

First: The transparent cover I0 is formed to the required shape by following any applicable technique. In the example shown it is generally U-shaped in section and forms a continuation of the top and bottom skins I2 of the wing II as well as the leading edge and tip thereof as illustrated in Fig. 1. It may, however, have any desired shape and form and if desired, can be merely a flat or curved panel.

Second: The cover I0, after formation, is pierced at spaced and selected intervals along its edge portions with small pilot openings which, when the cover or casing is in its operative position, respectively, align with the openings I4 of underlying ribs or spars I3 and with the openings in the plate nuts I5 thereon.

Third: Using these pilot openings as guides and centers the enlarged openings I6 are formed at all points of attachment for the reception of the buttons or washers I'I.

Fourth: In the meantime layers of fiber glass cloth are assembled one on the other and are thoroughly impregnated with acrylic resin dissolved in acetone or other volatile solvent to form a large sheet having the approximate thickness of a finished button or washer I8, i. e., the thickness of the resin of the wall Ill of the cover I0. After this laminated sheet is fully cured a plurality of washers are cut therefrom, each washer having a small pilot hole formed centrally therein for alignment with an aperture I i of the coacting rib or spar I3.

Fifth: The washers or buttons are then immersed in the cement formed of acrylic resin dissolved in acetone, or other volatile solvent, until its exposed surfaces, including its edge, are thoroughly impregnated with this cement and thereby become softened, whereupon the buttons. I? are individually inserted in the several en larged openings I5 provided along the edge por tions of the cover Iii for the reception thereof. It may be advantageous to prepare the opening I 6 prior to the insertion of the buttons or washers I'I therein, by treating the edge thereof with the aforesaid cement.

Sixth: The tape or reinforcing strip is also fabricated by impregnating one or more laminations of fiber glass cloth with the aforesaid cement, consisting of acrylic resin and a suitable volatile solvent, such as acetone, whereupon the strip or tape 2i may be applied to the inner surface of each edge portion of the cover or casing Iii to underlie the several buttons or washers I8 situated therein.

Seventh: Clamping pressure may then be applied to the edge of the casing or cover I0 and the reinforcing strip or tape 2i, as well as between the buttons or washers I 'I and the reinforcing strip or tape 2I.

Eighth: The assembly is allowed to cure while the aforesaid pressures are maintained thereon with the result that the reinforcing strips or tapes 2! and the acrylic resin of the cover or casing i0, and also the washers or buttons I 1 merge to produce an integral, unitary homogeneous mass of acrylic resin, localized or restricted areas of which viz: the buttons or washactress:

ers H and the reinforcing strips or tapes- 21 are reinforced by the inclusion 1 of the laminations f fiber glass cloth or: similar woven material; l

Ninth: The pilot opening in" each button or washer I! is enlarged tothe diameter of the screw, bolt; rivet-or other fastening means: 22 to be received therein, ancl'the outer.face.thereof:v is concentrically countersunk, as at l9; to provide the recess orcavity for thessnug andfcomplete reception of the head: screw 22. In thismanner-theouter surface of the cover or casing tinuation of" the adjacent skin l2 of: the wing; and no projections are present at: the: points: of attachment of the cover or casing;

In the disclosure of one adaptation of the" present invention, screws are' shown" as attaching thecover: or" casing lfl to thelribszor spars I3; and": the countersink IS in each washeror button lllisdesigned;tocreceiveithe of this screw. ltis of course to :--be understood: thatany other suitable type-1 of 1' attachingmeans may be employed and thatk-the :coirntersink at the: outer extremity of eaclr passage l& of; the button or Washer 11 is toconform exactlyto. the head of the attaching element so that it will be: re ceived' completely withintheicountersink l 9 with its outer surface lying intthea-plane'of the outer surface of 1 the 'buttonlorzwasher l l.

Mani-festly; all; Of. the. attaching; forces are" exerted through tha buttonsaor. washers IT and the reinforcing:stripszori'tapes 21 and that these elements are reinforced by the inclusion. therein" of layers or laminationscofzfibert glass cloth. or equivalent woven;material., otthe fiber glassxcloth:ort'itssequivalent, with the same resin as :used: in the: fabrication of r a:-

cover or casing: liflicanses athetladjoiningsfaces' of the strips or tapessZ li 'andzthe' surfaceof the cover or casing ill to merge-"into a unitarygandhomo geneous mass: anditthiszi isc also true-where the edge ofth'e:washen-rorrbuttonll contacts andmerges-withthefwalliof the aperture l6 and between the f CB-"OfithB'EbUttOII or washer H and the taper or reinforcing the adjoining surfacez'of strip: 21.- Thus;.vregardlessa of the fabrication of thestructure the resultingassembly; for all prac= ticalppurposesg becomes: a' single, homogeneous mass: of acrylin: resiniwith portions or restricted areasthereof :reinforced by. fiber: glass- OlOthnOI: 1 equivalent:wovenimaterial;

What is.:clain1edc;is-;

1. An article fabricated of acrylic: resinremr bodying spaced, reinforced areas isolated: one

from: the other andrcomprisingintegral-parts .-of-

the-:resinhody offth'e: article; each: of said rein-r:

forcedzi areas? extending completely through the. resin body and terminating; inathe :planes of" the surfaces of said body.-

2. An: articlePfabrioate'd-of acrylicresin em-' bodying; azplurality of spaced internally? rein forced areas, each area consisting of layers of:

woventimaterial: laminated with acrylic: resin forming an integral and homogeneous -continua= tion: and;part:of the adjacent acrylic resin: body of the article; and: extending-completely through the resin body with its en'dstcoplanar-with-the surfaces of. saidbody;

3r An;article: fabricated: of acrylicresin em-=- bodying'aereinforcedzareaentirely surrounded by: theresin; of; fth'er; article rand: comprising one 'or more:layersisorfibemglass, res-in; integrally; united: with the surroundingresin of the?article'toform:-a unitary; homo-- geneous acrylicresin structurer of; the bolt; rivet or:

Ill constitutes? art-flush con- The impregnation.

laminatedlwithi acrylicing: the resin IL-An article fabricatdof clear, acryiiz resifi en' lbod-ying relatively independent r einfoi' d areas; each area beingentirely surrounded by the resin of the article and coin-prising one; or more layers' of fiber glass" cloth laminat'd with acrylic resin united: with the adjoining end surrounding-resin of the body of-the'a'rticle in tegral and unitary association;

5.-An' articlefabricate'd of synthetic resiri provided with over -sizeoperiings"spaced regularly oneifroin' the othertherein in 'coinbination witn button consisting orwoven" fabric laniinatedavith the same resinasthat of the'article seatedin and completely filling each opening; said-button ha'w" irrg substantially the thi'ckne'ss of the-resinotthe' body ofLthe article defining the openinganda centrally disposed: relatively small aperture-for the passage of fasteningmeansthrough the"- button.

6; An article: made of synthetic resin provided with one or more relatively large openings pierc ingzand defined-bythe resin body of the article; inicombin'ationwitl'i a-reinforced button po'sitioned'r in? and: completely filling. each opening with its surfaces situated in the planes of the op posed surfaces of the resin body of the article the edgeor each button being integrally:- united with the Wa'll of the opening inwhich itpositioned";

7. An article made of synthetic resin providedw-ithi'one or more relatively'large'openingspiercing; and defined by." the resin of the" article, in: combination with a reinforced button posi: tionedz' in'and conr-ipletely filling-1 each opening-- With its surfacesrespectively situated inthe 1 planes of the opposed surfaces or the resin-body? of: the" article, each button comprising. one or more layers: of 1 fiber glass cloth laminated with l the same resin as, and united integrally with,

the resin-of i thearticle;-

"with itssurfaces respectively disposed in the planes of the "opposed surfaces 'of the resin body of the article surrounding the coactingiopeninggi eachbutton comprisingone' or more layers of fiber glass cloth laminated with the s'ame' 'resirias; and united-integrally:with, the resin of the article; pierced centrally by an opening ternii nating at one=end in a countersunk cavity.

9. An: article made offsyrltheti'c resin provided: with one "or 'morerelatively? largeropenings pierc body of the-article; in combination with ameinforce'd button positicnedin and com pletely filling each sucnopening with its-sur faces respectively situated in the planes of the opposed surfaces of the resin body of 'the article defihingLthei coacting opening, each button com-- prising-zone or more layers -of fiber glass cloth-"- laminated with the-same resin as; and unitedintegrally: with the resin: of the T article, and a"- tape consisting of one or more layers of-fiber glass cloth laminated with the-same resin as that of the body: 0f-theartic1e and situated in flus'h contact=with one surface of the resinbody ofthe' article and with the races ot-= the button or" ,buttons situated therein, the resin 01?: the't'apeing the resin body of the article, in combination with a reinforced button positioned in and completely filling each opening with its surfaces respectively situated in the planes of the opposed surfaces of the resin body of the article, each button comprising one or more layers of fiber glass cloth laminated with the same resin as, and united integrally with, the resin of the article, and a tape consisting of one or more layers of fiber glass cloth laminated with the same resin as that forming the article positioned in flush contact with one surface of the article and with the faces of the button or buttons located therein, the resin of the tape being united with the resin of the buttons and of the article in an integral and homogeneous assembly, and each button being pierced centrally by a, relatively small opening which at one end registers with an opening in the tape and at the other end terminates in a countersunk cavity formed in the face of the button opposed to the tape.

11. A locally reinforced article fabricated of acrylic resin perforated by at least one relatively large opening, in combination with a button of laminated woven fiber glass impregnated with acrylic resin seated and entirely contained within said opening with the resin of the button integrally united with the resin of the article, and a tape of laminated woven fiber glass impregnated with acrylic resin adhered to one face of the article and traversing the button aforesaid, the resin of the tape being integrally united with the resin of both button and article.

12. An article fabricated of synthetic resin embodying regularly spaced, isolated, reinforced 10 areas, comprising integral parts of the resin body of the article, in combination with a continuous tape integrally adhered to the resin of the article in transverse alignment with said reinforced areas.

13. An article fabricated of synthetic resin embodying regularly spaced, reinforced areas extending completely through the body of the article and comprisin integral parts of the resin body of the article, in combination with a continuous tape integrally united to the resin of the article and of said reinforced areas, said tape and each of the reinforced areas being pierced by openings for the passage of fastening means.

EDWARD H. VOELKER.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,126,833 Steinberger Aug. 16, 1938 2,285,679 Pontius June 9-, 1942 2,300,506 Kamerer Nov. 3, 1942 2,350,887 Goff June 6, 1944 2,374,057 Watkins Apr. 1'7, 1945 2,392,129 Downes Jan. 1, 1946 2,444,059 Neher et a1 June 29, 1948 2,458,032 Simon Jan. 4, 1949 2,464,826 Neher et al Mar. 22, 1949 2,511,168 Martin et al.' June 13, 1950 2,565,753 Botwinick Aug. 28, 1951 OTHER REFERENCES Lucite Manual by Du Pont, November 1942, pp. 76-78. 

1. AN ARTICLE FABRICATED OF ACRYLIC RESIN EMBODYING SPACED, REINFORCED AREA ISOLATED ONE FROM THE OTHER AND COMPRISING INTEGRAL PARTS OF THE RESIN BODY OF THE ARTICLE, EACH OF SAID REINFORCED AREAS EXTENDING COMPLETELY THROUGH THE RESIN BODY AND TERMINATING IN THE PLANES OF THE SURFACES OF SAID BODY. 